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Introduction Air pollution is a major global public health concern and one of the leading risk factors for human health, with its burden on healthcare systems steadily increasing.1,2 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 4.2 million premature deaths in 2019 are attributable to outdoor air pollution worldwide.3Exceedances of air quality standards continue to represent a persistent issue, with significant health and social implications, and Italy is still among the countr…

Introduction According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, in 2023, outdoor particulate (PM2.5) air pollution accounted for 4.9 million risk-attributable deaths (95%CI 3.9-6.1 deaths) and 123.5 million attributable Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) (95%CI 101:4-147.4), making it the leading risk factor for mortality, and the second one for associated DALYs, after low birthweight.1 Adverse health outcomes include premature deaths due to cardiovascular disease (including stroke and ischaem…